Main Events
These are the main events leading up to the Haitian Revolution, during the Haitian Revolution, and after the Haitian Revolution. These are in chronological order, with year marks to help guide you through.
1758
François Mackandal, the Maroon leader, is executed. François is burned alive by colonists in the middle of the square in the city of Le Cap. Many plantation owners bring along their slaves and force them to watch the horrific sight. In spite of witnessing his death, numerous slaves claim of his immortality and remains a major inspirational figure throughout the Haitian Revolution.
François Mackandal, the Maroon leader, is executed. François is burned alive by colonists in the middle of the square in the city of Le Cap. Many plantation owners bring along their slaves and force them to watch the horrific sight. In spite of witnessing his death, numerous slaves claim of his immortality and remains a major inspirational figure throughout the Haitian Revolution.
1763
Colonists’ resent towards France’s constrain (100% of all exports and imports can only be to France) accumulates. Many begin to want and look for a greater control on local affairs.
Colonists’ resent towards France’s constrain (100% of all exports and imports can only be to France) accumulates. Many begin to want and look for a greater control on local affairs.
1771
The Instructions to Administrators is issued by Louis XV. This includes additional and new limitations towards mulattoes and blacks. Mulattoes are affected greater, having many of their individual freedoms and privileges removed.
The Instructions to Administrators is issued by Louis XV. This includes additional and new limitations towards mulattoes and blacks. Mulattoes are affected greater, having many of their individual freedoms and privileges removed.
1776
The United States of America declares its independence from England. Some values written on the Declaration of Independence influences the minds of slaves throughout Saint Domingue. Such as, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all me are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
The United States of America declares its independence from England. Some values written on the Declaration of Independence influences the minds of slaves throughout Saint Domingue. Such as, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all me are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
1784
France re-establishes the Code Noir due to planter abuses. The Code Noir had originally been established in 1685 to regulate punishment and slavery but had never been followed. This changes improve and adresses work hours, food rations, and condition of life to slaves. It even restricts punishments, which many whites ignore, and legally allows owners to provide a slave with land to grow crops for personal needs.
France re-establishes the Code Noir due to planter abuses. The Code Noir had originally been established in 1685 to regulate punishment and slavery but had never been followed. This changes improve and adresses work hours, food rations, and condition of life to slaves. It even restricts punishments, which many whites ignore, and legally allows owners to provide a slave with land to grow crops for personal needs.
1788
Free blacks have gotten richer and much more numerous. Free blacks and mulattoes pursue equal rights as a person and as a property owner as the whites. White colonists are strongly against it and prevent this question to be asked during National Assembly. The white colonists are fearful in giving these rights and losing their own power. Many of them become more solitary and more abusive towards slaves as they try to ensure their own place in the plantation industry. Many of them go as far as executing mulattoes or freed blacks.
A petition for "political rights for free persons of color," is submitted to the Provincial Assembly. A few months later another petition, very similar to the previous, is submitted. But this time it was submitted by a white colonist. A witness claimed that he was then "dragged through the streets, and brutally killed by a furious mob of petitis blancs who cut off his head and paraded it through the town on a spike." It was even tried a third time by a "respected elderly mulatto". All three times, failed to succeed.
Free blacks have gotten richer and much more numerous. Free blacks and mulattoes pursue equal rights as a person and as a property owner as the whites. White colonists are strongly against it and prevent this question to be asked during National Assembly. The white colonists are fearful in giving these rights and losing their own power. Many of them become more solitary and more abusive towards slaves as they try to ensure their own place in the plantation industry. Many of them go as far as executing mulattoes or freed blacks.
A petition for "political rights for free persons of color," is submitted to the Provincial Assembly. A few months later another petition, very similar to the previous, is submitted. But this time it was submitted by a white colonist. A witness claimed that he was then "dragged through the streets, and brutally killed by a furious mob of petitis blancs who cut off his head and paraded it through the town on a spike." It was even tried a third time by a "respected elderly mulatto". All three times, failed to succeed.
1789
From the influence of the French Revolution, slaves in Martinique revolt.
A dreadful drought occurs, leaving even less food to the slaves. The amount of slaves who abandon their plantations, has increase at rapid rates. In affect, white colonists become even more violent towards slaves, mulattoes, and free blacks.
The Declaration of Man and Citizens is established. The article states, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinction may be founded only upon the general good... These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression... Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom.” This creates chaos among people in Saint Domingue. A month later Louis XVI confronts the commotion by stating that these rights are “granted to all men by natural justice.”
From the influence of the French Revolution, slaves in Martinique revolt.
A dreadful drought occurs, leaving even less food to the slaves. The amount of slaves who abandon their plantations, has increase at rapid rates. In affect, white colonists become even more violent towards slaves, mulattoes, and free blacks.
The Declaration of Man and Citizens is established. The article states, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinction may be founded only upon the general good... These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression... Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom.” This creates chaos among people in Saint Domingue. A month later Louis XVI confronts the commotion by stating that these rights are “granted to all men by natural justice.”
1790
Jacques Vincent Ogé leads in the city of Grande-Riviere. This revolt is for the free colors disagreeing with supremacy the whites have. A group of mulattoes and other free blacks (about 300) march to the city, fully armed. Unfortunately, the colonists outnumber Jacques's army and he flees to the eastern part of the island, the Spanish owned Santo Domingo.
Jacques Vincent Ogé leads in the city of Grande-Riviere. This revolt is for the free colors disagreeing with supremacy the whites have. A group of mulattoes and other free blacks (about 300) march to the city, fully armed. Unfortunately, the colonists outnumber Jacques's army and he flees to the eastern part of the island, the Spanish owned Santo Domingo.
1791
Jacques Ogé is found and tortured and killed as well as over thirty of his followers.
A rebellion breaks out among the slaves in the plains of Cul-de-Sac. Half of the slaves and the owners are middle of a rebellion.
A debate in the National Assembly occurs about free black rights. They finally come to a conclusion that if a free person of color has two free parents then they can have the same rights and the white colonists. Many white colonists are furious with this new change as well as the free black who do not have two free parents. Revolts occur, leaving 2,000 whites and 10,000 blacks dead.
Slaves in Cul-de-Sac have been controlled and sent back to their plantations. So they begin to abandon their plantations. Many parts of Saint Domingue try to control the slaves and rebellions also. Owners in the west exchange slave's freedom for their surrender. This idea does not work though in the south, for they see themselves as already free since they have fought as equals to their owners. Many colonists did not see that these rebellions would lead to anything bigger, since rebellions have been common in the past.
2,000 slaves decide to attack a plantation in Les Cayes that has been used as a military camp by the white colonists. Afterwards, they continue to attack other plantations. They pick up more and more slaves after every attack. Those who disagree to join them are killed. By the time the attacks are finished, 14 plantations are nothing but ashes. A governor tries to disarm these slaves but he thinks to highly of himself. He announces his plan to the public making sure that the slaves know, not realizing that this provides them with advantages. The governor's army is does not succeed and they retreat, leaving a grand amount of supplies to the slaves.
REVOLUTION BEGINS - (August)
A Bois Caïman ceremony is taken place in a voodoo ritual to formalize their pact they have created. This has been planned for months and slaves are ready to carry out their plans. Maroons leaders have successfully united mulattoes, maroons, commanders, house slaves, field slaves, and free blacks all together. They were all given certain orders to carry out. These orders were "to burn Le Cap, the plantations, and to massacre the whites all at the same time." Rumors flew around from plantation owner to owner. Many called this pact a bluff, while others escaped saving themselves but losing everything else.
Slaves begin their plans. They kill whites and set plantations to flames. Theses slaves move from plantation to plantation "demonstrating their highly organized strategy". They begin to establish military camps as they move. They set to fire to Limbé, North Plain, Plaine-des-Cayes, and Port-Margot districts. In just 8 days, they have demolished over 200 plantations. These attacks have come by surprise to most plantation owners. There are little French soldiers there to defend the white colonists for half of them had already died due to sicknesses prior to the beginning of the revolution. As these slaves move closer to Le Cap, most white colonists are worried about defending this "social and cultural hub of the colony".
In the middle of all this commotion, the Colonial Assembly establishes the May 15 degree granting citizenship to mulattoes and free blacks. Oblivious to the revolution occurring in their colony, for there is a great distance between both locations.
News of the chaos in Saint Domingue arrive to France. They cancel the May 15 degree and send French troops to Saint Domingue. Upon hearing the news of French troops arriving in Saint Domingue, blacks in the west cut the water supply and incoming food supplies to the capital city of Port-au-Prince.
In September, the rebelling slaves finally take over the city of Le Cap and set it to flames.
Port-au-Prince is burned to the ground from a fight between the whites and mulattoes.
Boukman, one of the original leaders, is killed and is exposed on a stake. Many slaves mourn for their lost. Some retreat but others go on a three day session of killing every white they see in rage and grief. The leaders though are hesitant in continuing without Boukman. They choose to negotiant with colonists in order to find an agreement. The troops on the other hand, disagree this this idea and continue to fight for their freedom. The leaders request is rejected. Therefore the leaders return to the fight.
Jacques Ogé is found and tortured and killed as well as over thirty of his followers.
A rebellion breaks out among the slaves in the plains of Cul-de-Sac. Half of the slaves and the owners are middle of a rebellion.
A debate in the National Assembly occurs about free black rights. They finally come to a conclusion that if a free person of color has two free parents then they can have the same rights and the white colonists. Many white colonists are furious with this new change as well as the free black who do not have two free parents. Revolts occur, leaving 2,000 whites and 10,000 blacks dead.
Slaves in Cul-de-Sac have been controlled and sent back to their plantations. So they begin to abandon their plantations. Many parts of Saint Domingue try to control the slaves and rebellions also. Owners in the west exchange slave's freedom for their surrender. This idea does not work though in the south, for they see themselves as already free since they have fought as equals to their owners. Many colonists did not see that these rebellions would lead to anything bigger, since rebellions have been common in the past.
2,000 slaves decide to attack a plantation in Les Cayes that has been used as a military camp by the white colonists. Afterwards, they continue to attack other plantations. They pick up more and more slaves after every attack. Those who disagree to join them are killed. By the time the attacks are finished, 14 plantations are nothing but ashes. A governor tries to disarm these slaves but he thinks to highly of himself. He announces his plan to the public making sure that the slaves know, not realizing that this provides them with advantages. The governor's army is does not succeed and they retreat, leaving a grand amount of supplies to the slaves.
REVOLUTION BEGINS - (August)
A Bois Caïman ceremony is taken place in a voodoo ritual to formalize their pact they have created. This has been planned for months and slaves are ready to carry out their plans. Maroons leaders have successfully united mulattoes, maroons, commanders, house slaves, field slaves, and free blacks all together. They were all given certain orders to carry out. These orders were "to burn Le Cap, the plantations, and to massacre the whites all at the same time." Rumors flew around from plantation owner to owner. Many called this pact a bluff, while others escaped saving themselves but losing everything else.
Slaves begin their plans. They kill whites and set plantations to flames. Theses slaves move from plantation to plantation "demonstrating their highly organized strategy". They begin to establish military camps as they move. They set to fire to Limbé, North Plain, Plaine-des-Cayes, and Port-Margot districts. In just 8 days, they have demolished over 200 plantations. These attacks have come by surprise to most plantation owners. There are little French soldiers there to defend the white colonists for half of them had already died due to sicknesses prior to the beginning of the revolution. As these slaves move closer to Le Cap, most white colonists are worried about defending this "social and cultural hub of the colony".
In the middle of all this commotion, the Colonial Assembly establishes the May 15 degree granting citizenship to mulattoes and free blacks. Oblivious to the revolution occurring in their colony, for there is a great distance between both locations.
News of the chaos in Saint Domingue arrive to France. They cancel the May 15 degree and send French troops to Saint Domingue. Upon hearing the news of French troops arriving in Saint Domingue, blacks in the west cut the water supply and incoming food supplies to the capital city of Port-au-Prince.
In September, the rebelling slaves finally take over the city of Le Cap and set it to flames.
Port-au-Prince is burned to the ground from a fight between the whites and mulattoes.
Boukman, one of the original leaders, is killed and is exposed on a stake. Many slaves mourn for their lost. Some retreat but others go on a three day session of killing every white they see in rage and grief. The leaders though are hesitant in continuing without Boukman. They choose to negotiant with colonists in order to find an agreement. The troops on the other hand, disagree this this idea and continue to fight for their freedom. The leaders request is rejected. Therefore the leaders return to the fight.
1792
The troops sent from France fight against the rebel group. They are now outnumbered and their supplies have become scarce. The rebels are forced to retreat and leave behind the children, women, and elderly. The French give them no mercy and they are slaughtered. Any captured slaves are sent back to masters and are treated with even more violence than before.
Louis XVI sends more troops, led by Léger Félicité Sonthonax, to enforce the ruling.
Spain and Great Britain both take advantage of the chaos in Saint Domingue and compete to capture the colony. Commissioners and colonists realize that they need the support of slaves to defend the colony. A proclamation is issued, guaranteeing freedom as well as full rights of citizenship to any rebel slave who joins them. Almost all don't give in to this proclamation. Instead, many ally with the Spain, against the French.
Saint-Domingue has been appointed with a new governor, Vicomte de Rochabeau.
The troops sent from France fight against the rebel group. They are now outnumbered and their supplies have become scarce. The rebels are forced to retreat and leave behind the children, women, and elderly. The French give them no mercy and they are slaughtered. Any captured slaves are sent back to masters and are treated with even more violence than before.
Louis XVI sends more troops, led by Léger Félicité Sonthonax, to enforce the ruling.
Spain and Great Britain both take advantage of the chaos in Saint Domingue and compete to capture the colony. Commissioners and colonists realize that they need the support of slaves to defend the colony. A proclamation is issued, guaranteeing freedom as well as full rights of citizenship to any rebel slave who joins them. Almost all don't give in to this proclamation. Instead, many ally with the Spain, against the French.
Saint-Domingue has been appointed with a new governor, Vicomte de Rochabeau.
1793
Le Cap is once again brought to flame, leaving the 10,000 white residents fleeing to other countries such as United States.
French still need and support the rebel troops. They have added another proclamation saying that any slave joining their army will be granted his freedom. This still did not move the rebels so they even extended the offer to their wives and children.
Léger Félicité Sonthonax states "only universal freedom could spare the whites from being totally annihilated." Therefore he issued a General Emancipation, abolishing slavery in the North. In other places there are great restrictions on punishments and minimal payments. Many of them are still unhappy. They are still regulated by the Saint Domingue and the French government and bound to the same plantation and same master, legally. Women also demand the same wage and rights as men. Many of the slaves decide to go on strike. They do little work, arrive late, and leave early.
Toussaint Louverture, a leader of the maroons, makes a historical speech to rally the rebels and blacks.
British troops intend to fix order in Saint Domigue and re-establish slavery. They begin isolating provinces from each other and plantations owners and rebels all fight for their control.
Le Cap is once again brought to flame, leaving the 10,000 white residents fleeing to other countries such as United States.
French still need and support the rebel troops. They have added another proclamation saying that any slave joining their army will be granted his freedom. This still did not move the rebels so they even extended the offer to their wives and children.
Léger Félicité Sonthonax states "only universal freedom could spare the whites from being totally annihilated." Therefore he issued a General Emancipation, abolishing slavery in the North. In other places there are great restrictions on punishments and minimal payments. Many of them are still unhappy. They are still regulated by the Saint Domingue and the French government and bound to the same plantation and same master, legally. Women also demand the same wage and rights as men. Many of the slaves decide to go on strike. They do little work, arrive late, and leave early.
Toussaint Louverture, a leader of the maroons, makes a historical speech to rally the rebels and blacks.
British troops intend to fix order in Saint Domigue and re-establish slavery. They begin isolating provinces from each other and plantations owners and rebels all fight for their control.
1794
A new set of rules for slaves is published with higher pay wages and an additional free day. The slaves though are unaffected with this additional rule for plantation owners don't follow. Resistance between slaves still are still in place and they still abandon plantations.
The system in Saint Domingue is falling apart. Many colonists are unaware to this fact, even though they have witnessed movements of the revolution.
With the help of mulattoes and free blacks, the Spanish and the British have control over the north, west, and south parts of the colony. Le Cap and Port-de-Paix are the only provinces still controlled by France.
Louverture decides to leave the Spanish forces and join the French after discovering that the Spanish are not willing to abolish slavery. Many maroon groups follow Louverture. Not soon after, they begin to attack the British and Spain, gaining back much land.
A new set of rules for slaves is published with higher pay wages and an additional free day. The slaves though are unaffected with this additional rule for plantation owners don't follow. Resistance between slaves still are still in place and they still abandon plantations.
The system in Saint Domingue is falling apart. Many colonists are unaware to this fact, even though they have witnessed movements of the revolution.
With the help of mulattoes and free blacks, the Spanish and the British have control over the north, west, and south parts of the colony. Le Cap and Port-de-Paix are the only provinces still controlled by France.
Louverture decides to leave the Spanish forces and join the French after discovering that the Spanish are not willing to abolish slavery. Many maroon groups follow Louverture. Not soon after, they begin to attack the British and Spain, gaining back much land.
1795
A treaty is signed between France and Saint Domingue creating peace after the many months of fighting. A year later, all Spanish forces have receded back to their side of the island.
A treaty is signed between France and Saint Domingue creating peace after the many months of fighting. A year later, all Spanish forces have receded back to their side of the island.
1796
Rochambeau is dismissed from his position as governor for he had not been doing a good enough job. A replacement, Rigaud, is found.
Louverture has been increasing in power. He has the trust of many blacks on the colony, therefore he is placed as commander-in-chief of the army by Sonthonax.
Rochambeau is dismissed from his position as governor for he had not been doing a good enough job. A replacement, Rigaud, is found.
Louverture has been increasing in power. He has the trust of many blacks on the colony, therefore he is placed as commander-in-chief of the army by Sonthonax.
1797
Sonthonax is forced out of the colony by Louverture, in attempt of gaining favor from the French. In return, he is suddenly seen as a major threat to the French, especially since he has became the most powerful figure in Saint Domingue over the last year.
Louverture takes his army to re-establish their land in the west, taken by the British army. Riguad, the governor, takes his army to concuer British controlled areas in the south.
Sonthonax is forced out of the colony by Louverture, in attempt of gaining favor from the French. In return, he is suddenly seen as a major threat to the French, especially since he has became the most powerful figure in Saint Domingue over the last year.
Louverture takes his army to re-establish their land in the west, taken by the British army. Riguad, the governor, takes his army to concuer British controlled areas in the south.
1798
Peace is negotiated between the British and the French as the British surrender.
An commissioner with the name of Hédouville arrives to the colony. His orders has been to prevent blacks from abusing their freedom and to decrease the amount of power Louverture has. In his attempt, he forces Louverture to resign as commander-in-chief, replacing him by three other white generals. All of his black troops are sent back to plantations. Slaves view Hédouvilles action as an aim to re-establish slavery. A brand new wave of anger is passed through the rebels and the slaves.
A seceret alliance between United States, England, and Louverture, is signed.
Napoleon Bonaparte increases great pressure in France to restore Saint Domingue to its original state.
Moïse, a main idol of the blacks and Louverture's nephew, is aimed at by Hédouville to be arrested. He manages to escapes.
Louverture marches to the city which Hédouville was staying at, to arrest him. He has been strengthening his army and is stationed at the north.
Mulattoes decided to join Riguad's army.
Peace is negotiated between the British and the French as the British surrender.
An commissioner with the name of Hédouville arrives to the colony. His orders has been to prevent blacks from abusing their freedom and to decrease the amount of power Louverture has. In his attempt, he forces Louverture to resign as commander-in-chief, replacing him by three other white generals. All of his black troops are sent back to plantations. Slaves view Hédouvilles action as an aim to re-establish slavery. A brand new wave of anger is passed through the rebels and the slaves.
A seceret alliance between United States, England, and Louverture, is signed.
Napoleon Bonaparte increases great pressure in France to restore Saint Domingue to its original state.
Moïse, a main idol of the blacks and Louverture's nephew, is aimed at by Hédouville to be arrested. He manages to escapes.
Louverture marches to the city which Hédouville was staying at, to arrest him. He has been strengthening his army and is stationed at the north.
Mulattoes decided to join Riguad's army.
1799
A civil war between Louverture's troops and Riguad's troops begins. The Americans and the British took advantage of this time for their own economic benefits.
A civil war between Louverture's troops and Riguad's troops begins. The Americans and the British took advantage of this time for their own economic benefits.
1800
Louverture sends an expedition to bring Santo Domingo, the Spanish ruled part of the island, under his rule.
Uprisings continue, supporting Louverture.
Moïse takes 10,000 troops to south.
Louverture defeat Riguald with help from the Americans. Riguad is sent as an exile to France.
Louverture is once again Saint Domingue's Commander in Chief. He now has an army of over 20,000 men and uses them to enforce a military dictatorship in the colony. Louverture tries to enfore the traditional plantation sytem, for they need to bring back their productions. His plan is to import more Africans so there will be more hands but less work. Many see this as his effort to impose slavery. They object to his plans.
Louverture sends an expedition to bring Santo Domingo, the Spanish ruled part of the island, under his rule.
Uprisings continue, supporting Louverture.
Moïse takes 10,000 troops to south.
Louverture defeat Riguald with help from the Americans. Riguad is sent as an exile to France.
Louverture is once again Saint Domingue's Commander in Chief. He now has an army of over 20,000 men and uses them to enforce a military dictatorship in the colony. Louverture tries to enfore the traditional plantation sytem, for they need to bring back their productions. His plan is to import more Africans so there will be more hands but less work. Many see this as his effort to impose slavery. They object to his plans.
1801
The governor of the Santo Domingo gives up his control of the territory to Louverture. Louverture is now in charge of the whole island. He gathers a group of people who decide to write a new constitution for the whole island. Slavery is abolished as well as social differences based on race. According to the constitution, they were all citizens of France, enforced to mandatory labor, and voodoo, the religion for most slaves, is outlawed. Many slaves reject these new rules with their own ways of showing their resistance. Even though the constitution attempted to show Saint Domingue as an equal to France, it was actually still a French colony. It was in no way a formal declaration of independence.
This constitution is sent to France. It is obviously, immediately identified as a threat and is rejected. General Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc is sent to establsih slavery once again as well as the Code Noir. He is the head of France's largest expedition yet, with over 20,000 "elite" troops.
A giant uprising is held against Louverture, led by his nephew. They kill hundreds of whites as well as taking the province of Gonaives. Moïse is then arrest by Louvertured and is shot. About 1,000 of his troops are also killed. This action suddenly weakens his position, for he no longer has the support of the people. The blacks and the whites, both dislike him.
The governor of the Santo Domingo gives up his control of the territory to Louverture. Louverture is now in charge of the whole island. He gathers a group of people who decide to write a new constitution for the whole island. Slavery is abolished as well as social differences based on race. According to the constitution, they were all citizens of France, enforced to mandatory labor, and voodoo, the religion for most slaves, is outlawed. Many slaves reject these new rules with their own ways of showing their resistance. Even though the constitution attempted to show Saint Domingue as an equal to France, it was actually still a French colony. It was in no way a formal declaration of independence.
This constitution is sent to France. It is obviously, immediately identified as a threat and is rejected. General Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc is sent to establsih slavery once again as well as the Code Noir. He is the head of France's largest expedition yet, with over 20,000 "elite" troops.
A giant uprising is held against Louverture, led by his nephew. They kill hundreds of whites as well as taking the province of Gonaives. Moïse is then arrest by Louvertured and is shot. About 1,000 of his troops are also killed. This action suddenly weakens his position, for he no longer has the support of the people. The blacks and the whites, both dislike him.
1802
A general for the ex-slaves, Christophe, sets fire to the city of Le Cap. He does so, expecting the arrival of the French troops.
The French troops arrive in Saint Domingue. Louverture, desperately tries to warn his other leaders about the troops, but each letter has cleverly been intercepted, never reaching its destination. Louverture's army is greatly outnumbered. Thankfully, due to the tropical climate, in just the first two weeks 1,500 of the European troops were sick and in the hospital. Leclerc then requests an additional 8,000 troops.
A fort, protected by Dessalines is attacked by the french. It was a major loss for the french and this became known as the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot. The French attack a second time. This time they were outnumbered by ten times. Dessalines does an stays strong agains their enemy. This is the major turning point in the war. This was the first time when there seemed to be a chance of the blacks defeating the French.
Leclerc realizes that his original army has greatly depleted. His troops are dying at a rate of 50 per day due to sicknesses only. Even more die from battle. Most cities with good treatment has been burned from the rebels.
Leclerc pretends to agree with a deal between Louverture. They meet in a what was supposed to be a conference, but instead Leclerc locks him up and he is sent off to France.
News of slavery being re-established in three other French colonies reaches the slaves of Saint Domingue. They finally realize the intention of Leclerc's army. This news "fanned the flames of revolution in Saint Domingue".
Uprisings in the south occur, as they take advantage in the decreased amount of troops.
Lerec then realizes the only way to succeed is to kill every black: slave, mulattoes, free blacks, and rebels in order to get rid of any resistance. Even more blacks are killed.
Leclec dies of yellow fever. He leaves Rochambeau in charge of defeat the blacks. Rochambeau is know for his violence and having no mercy. He even brought man-eating dogs to hunt down blacks.
A general for the ex-slaves, Christophe, sets fire to the city of Le Cap. He does so, expecting the arrival of the French troops.
The French troops arrive in Saint Domingue. Louverture, desperately tries to warn his other leaders about the troops, but each letter has cleverly been intercepted, never reaching its destination. Louverture's army is greatly outnumbered. Thankfully, due to the tropical climate, in just the first two weeks 1,500 of the European troops were sick and in the hospital. Leclerc then requests an additional 8,000 troops.
A fort, protected by Dessalines is attacked by the french. It was a major loss for the french and this became known as the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot. The French attack a second time. This time they were outnumbered by ten times. Dessalines does an stays strong agains their enemy. This is the major turning point in the war. This was the first time when there seemed to be a chance of the blacks defeating the French.
Leclerc realizes that his original army has greatly depleted. His troops are dying at a rate of 50 per day due to sicknesses only. Even more die from battle. Most cities with good treatment has been burned from the rebels.
Leclerc pretends to agree with a deal between Louverture. They meet in a what was supposed to be a conference, but instead Leclerc locks him up and he is sent off to France.
News of slavery being re-established in three other French colonies reaches the slaves of Saint Domingue. They finally realize the intention of Leclerc's army. This news "fanned the flames of revolution in Saint Domingue".
Uprisings in the south occur, as they take advantage in the decreased amount of troops.
Lerec then realizes the only way to succeed is to kill every black: slave, mulattoes, free blacks, and rebels in order to get rid of any resistance. Even more blacks are killed.
Leclec dies of yellow fever. He leaves Rochambeau in charge of defeat the blacks. Rochambeau is know for his violence and having no mercy. He even brought man-eating dogs to hunt down blacks.
1803
The French troops are out of supplies and money as well as being greatly affected by sicknesses. Troops are withdraw from southern provinces.
After the Battle of Vertières, General Rochambeau surrenders. The cease-fire is agreed as long as all French forces are removed in 10 days. France has lost over 50,000 troops from when Leclerc arrived to this moment.
Dessalines takes his men to control Le Cap. He succeeds and Le Cap is renamed to Cap Haïtien.
The French troops are out of supplies and money as well as being greatly affected by sicknesses. Troops are withdraw from southern provinces.
After the Battle of Vertières, General Rochambeau surrenders. The cease-fire is agreed as long as all French forces are removed in 10 days. France has lost over 50,000 troops from when Leclerc arrived to this moment.
Dessalines takes his men to control Le Cap. He succeeds and Le Cap is renamed to Cap Haïtien.
1804
REVOLUTION ENDS - (January)
Dessaline publishes a Declaration of Independence, claiming Saint Domingue's independence. This constitution ensures permanent abolishment of slavery. It also says that all people are equal and have the right to own land, which is perhaps the biggest gain from this revolution. They also change the name to Haiti. Even though Haiti has gained their independence, they are still a victim of the French, who claim that Haiti is a major threat to the world. They try to seclude them from trade from surrounding countries.
The killing of any remaining whites and French is ordered.
Dessalines in courted Emperor Jaques I of Haiti.
REVOLUTION ENDS - (January)
Dessaline publishes a Declaration of Independence, claiming Saint Domingue's independence. This constitution ensures permanent abolishment of slavery. It also says that all people are equal and have the right to own land, which is perhaps the biggest gain from this revolution. They also change the name to Haiti. Even though Haiti has gained their independence, they are still a victim of the French, who claim that Haiti is a major threat to the world. They try to seclude them from trade from surrounding countries.
The killing of any remaining whites and French is ordered.
Dessalines in courted Emperor Jaques I of Haiti.